tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76328229146358074052024-02-08T03:37:40.730-08:00Kisah keluargaku dan Nabi Muhammad Kisah Keluarga Dan Nabi Muhammadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16190974968241873796noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7632822914635807405.post-55980389551378447632013-03-28T03:31:00.003-07:002013-03-28T03:31:27.530-07:00keluargakunama mak aku aida niza binti ahnad<br />
nam ayah aku rosmawi bin abdullatif<br />
nama adik leleki aku ahmad raimy akhmal bin rosmawi<br />
nama adik perempuan aku nur aisyah raimyzah binti rosmawiKisah Keluarga Dan Nabi Muhammadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16190974968241873796noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7632822914635807405.post-69208313446284039262013-03-28T03:31:00.001-07:002013-03-28T03:31:23.913-07:00keluargakunama mak aku aida niza binti ahnad<br />
nam ayah aku rosmawi bin abdullatif<br />
nama adik leleki aku ahmad raimy akhmal bin rosmawi<br />
nama adik perempuan aku nur aisyah raimyzah binti rosmawiKisah Keluarga Dan Nabi Muhammadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16190974968241873796noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7632822914635807405.post-508700646140600512013-03-27T21:53:00.001-07:002013-03-27T21:53:06.001-07:00NabiMuhammad (1) <span style="color: magenta;"> Enjoy this story by me ;)<br /> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.1875px;">This article is about the Islamic prophet. For other persons named Muhammad, see</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_(name)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad (name)">Muhammad (name)</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.1875px;">. For other uses, see</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad (disambiguation)">Muhammad (disambiguation)</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span><br />
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<table cellspacing="3" class="infobox biography vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="font-size: 14px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="fn">Muhammad</span><br /><span class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: x-small;"><small>Prophet of Islam</small></span></th></tr>
<tr class=""><td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_SAV.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Mohammad SAV.svg" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mohammad_SAV.svg/220px-Mohammad_SAV.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mohammad_SAV.svg/330px-Mohammad_SAV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mohammad_SAV.svg/440px-Mohammad_SAV.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />Common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphic</a> representation of Muhammad's name</td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nickname">Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh</span><br /><abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Childhood_and_early_life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad">570</a><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Makkah Province">Makkah</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a><br />(now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</span></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Died</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;">8 June 632 (aged 62)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yathrib" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yathrib">Yathrib</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> (present-day<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</span></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Cause of death</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;">Illness (high fever)</td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Resting place</th><td class="label" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_places_of_founders_of_world_religions#Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burial places of founders of world religions">Tomb</a> under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Dome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Nabawi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Masjid al-Nabawi">Al-Masjid al-Nabawi</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Other names</th><td class="nickname" style="vertical-align: top;">Abu al-Qasim (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kunya (Arabic)">Kunya</a>),<br />Also see <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_and_Titles_of_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Names and Titles of Muhammad">Names of Muhammad</a></i></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Ethnicity</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arab people">Arab</a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Religion</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Spouse(s)</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad's wives">Wives</a>:</b> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijah_bint_Khuwaylid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khadijah bint Khuwaylid">Khadijah bint Khuwaylid</a>(595–619)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawda_bint_Zam%CA%BFa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sawda bint Zamʿa">Sawda bint Zamʿa</a> (619–632)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aisha">Aisha bint Abi Bakr</a> (619–632)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsa_bint_Umar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hafsa bint Umar">Hafsa bint Umar</a> (624–632)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Khuzayma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zaynab bint Khuzayma">Zaynab bint Khuzayma</a> (625–627)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Salama_Hind_bint_Abi_Umayya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya">Hind bint Abi Umayya</a> (629–632)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Jahsh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zaynab bint Jahsh">Zaynab bint Jahsh</a> (627–632)<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juwayriya_bint_al-Harith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Juwayriya bint al-Harith">Juwayriya bint al-Harith</a> (628–632)<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramlah_bint_Abi_Sufyan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan">Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan</a> (628–632)<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayhana_bint_Zayd" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rayhana bint Zayd">Rayhana bint Zayd</a> (629–631)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiyya_bint_Huyayy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Safiyya bint Huyayy">Safiyya bint Huyayy</a> (629–632)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maymuna_bint_al-Harith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maymuna bint al-Harith">Maymuna bint al-Harith</a> (630–632)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_al-Qibtiyya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maria al-Qibtiyya">Maria al-Qibtiyya</a> (630–632)</td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Children</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><b>Sons:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_ibn_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Qasim ibn Muhammad">al-Qasim</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad">`Abd-Allah</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibrahim ibn Muhammad">Ibrahim</a><br /><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters</a>:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainab_bint_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zainab bint Muhammad">Zainab</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ruqayyah bint Muhammad">Ruqayyah</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad">Umm Kulthoom</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatimah">Fatimah Zahra</a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Parents</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><b>Father:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abd_al_Muttalib" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib">`Abd Allah ibn `Abd al-Muttalib</a><br /><b>Mother:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminah_bint_Wahb" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aminah bint Wahb">Aminah bint Wahb</a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Relatives</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><th style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Muhammad</strong><br /><span style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Muḥammad - (محمد)</span></span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad2.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Muhammad"><img alt="Muhammad" height="171" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Muhammad2.png/200px-Muhammad2.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Muhammad2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Muhammad2.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
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<b>Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">محمد بن عبد الله بن عبد المطلب</span> ) (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Circa"><abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr></a> 570 – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Circa"><abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr></a> 8 June 632),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldman_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Goldman-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> also<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterated" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transliterated">transliterated</a> as <b>Muhammad</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">محمد</span>), was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clergy">religious</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politician">political</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Military career of Muhammad">military</a> leader<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> who unified <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> into a single religious<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polity">polity</a> under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a>. He is believed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahá'í">Bahá'ís</a> to be a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messengers_of_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Messengers of Islam">messenger</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prophet">prophet</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="God of Islam">God</a> and, by most Muslims, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatim_an-Nabuwwah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khatim an-Nabuwwah">last prophet</a> sent by God for mankind.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[n 1]</a></sup> Non-Muslims regard Muhammad as the founder of Islam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> Muslims consider him to be the restorer of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrif" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tahrif">unaltered</a> original<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> faith of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Adam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Adam">Adam</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Noah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Noah">Noah</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Abraham" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Moses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prophets of Islam">other prophets</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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Born in about 570 CE in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian</a> city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-abraha_12-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-abraha-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EncWorldHistory_13-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EncWorldHistory-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_%E2%80%98Abd_al-Muttalib" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib">Abu Talib</a>. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran182_14-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran182-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of seclusion and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-abraha_12-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-abraha-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran184_15-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran184-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> that he received <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad's first revelation">his first revelation</a> from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dawah">preaching</a> these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tawhid">God is One</a>", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam#Etymology_and_meaning" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">islām</a></i>) is the only way (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deen_(Arabic_term)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deen (Arabic term)">dīn</a></i>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[n 2]</a></sup> acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam#Table_of_prophets.2Fmessengers_in_the_Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prophets of Islam">other Islamic prophets</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Peters_2003_9_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Peters_2003_9-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EspositoI_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EspositoI-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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Muhammad gained few <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sahaba">followers</a> early on, and was met with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_by_the_Meccans" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans">hostility from some Meccan tribes</a>; he and his followers were treated harshly. To escape persecution, Muhammad <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_hijra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="First hijra">sent some of his followers</a> to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aksumite Empire">Abyssinia</a> before he and his followers in Mecca migrated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medina">Medina</a> (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a>, marks the beginning of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, which is also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a>. After eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to 10,000, took control of Mecca in the largely peaceful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a>. He destroyed the pagan idols in the city<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> and then sent his followers out to destroy all of the remaining pagan temples in Eastern Arabia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farewell_Pilgrimage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Farewell Pilgrimage">The Farewell Pilgrimage</a>, Muhammad fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> had <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conversion to Islam">converted to Islam</a>, and he had united Arabia into a single<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ummah">Muslim religious polity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lapidus_2002_pp_0_24-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Lapidus_2002_pp_0-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></div>
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The revelations (or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayah">Ayah</a></i>, lit. "Signs [of God]") — which Muhammad reported receiving until his death — form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the “Word of God” and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad’s life (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirah_Rasul_Allah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sirah Rasul Allah">sira</a></i>) and traditions (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i>) are also upheld by Muslims as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_sharia_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sources of sharia law">sources of sharia law</a>. They discuss Muhammad and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_be_upon_him_(Islam)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace be upon him (Islam)">peace be upon him</a></i> whenever their names are mentioned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ann_Goldman_2006_p.212_25-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Ann_Goldman_2006_p.212-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> While conceptions of Muhammad in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premodern" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Premodern">premodern</a> times were largely negative, appraisals in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Modern history">modern history</a> have been far less so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Names_and_appellations_in_the_Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Names and appellations in the Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Sources_for_Muhammad.27s_life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources for Muhammad's life</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Early_biographies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early biographies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Hadith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hadith</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Non-Arabic_sources" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Non-Arabic sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Pre-Islamic_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-Islamic Arabia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Life_in_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Life in Mecca</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Childhood_and_early_life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Childhood and early life</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Beginnings_of_the_Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Beginnings of the Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Opposition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Isra_and_Mi.27raj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Isra and Mi'raj</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Last_years_in_Mecca_before_Hijra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Last years in Mecca before Hijra</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Hijra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Hijra</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Migration_to_Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Migration to Medina</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Establishment_of_a_new_polity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Establishment of a new polity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Beginning_of_armed_conflict" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Beginning of armed conflict</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Conflict_with_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Conflict with Mecca</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Siege_of_Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Siege of Medina</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Truce_of_Hudaybiyyah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Truce of Hudaybiyyah</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Final_years" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Final years</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Conquest_of_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Conquest of Mecca</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Conquest_of_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Conquest of Arabia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Farewell_pilgrimage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Farewell pilgrimage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Death_and_tomb" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Death and tomb</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Post_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Post Muhammad</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Early_reforms_under_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Early reforms under Islam</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Appearance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Appearance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Household" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Household</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Legacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Muslim_views" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Muslim views</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Islamic_depictions_of_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Islamic depictions of Muhammad</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Other_views" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other views</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Historical_Western_views" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical Western views</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Other_religious_traditions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other religious traditions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Criticism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Notes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Bibliography" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Encyclopedias" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Encyclopedias</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Further_reading" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Other_biographies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other biographies</span></a></li>
<li></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Kisah Keluarga Dan Nabi Muhammadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16190974968241873796noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7632822914635807405.post-89636750448246401332013-03-27T21:52:00.000-07:002013-03-27T21:52:01.214-07:00NabiMuhammad<span style="color: magenta;"> Hi,mari saya ceritakan tentang NabiMuhammad :)Enjoy :)<br /> </span><b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">(</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span lang="ar" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;" xml:lang="ar">محمد بن عبد الله بن عبد المطلب</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">) (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Circa"><abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">570 –</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Circa"><abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">8 June 632),</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldman_1-0" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Goldman-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">also</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterated" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Transliterated">transliterated</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">as</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Muhammad</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">(</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span lang="ar" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;" xml:lang="ar">محمد</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">), was a</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Clergy">religious</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Politician">political</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, and</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Military career of Muhammad">military</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">leader</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">from</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">who unified</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabia">Arabia</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">into a single religious</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Polity">polity</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">under</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. He is believed by</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Muslim">Muslims</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">and</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahá'í">Bahá'ís</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">to be a</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messengers_of_Islam" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Messengers of Islam">messenger</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">and</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Prophet">prophet</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">of</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_Islam" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="God of Islam">God</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">and, by most Muslims, the</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatim_an-Nabuwwah" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Khatim an-Nabuwwah">last prophet</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">sent by God for mankind.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[n 1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Non-Muslims regard Muhammad as the founder of Islam.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Muslims consider him to be the restorer of an</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrif" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Tahrif">unaltered</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">original</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">faith of</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Adam" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Adam">Adam</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Noah" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Noah">Noah</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Abraham" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Abraham">Abraham</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Moses" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Moses">Moses</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, and</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Prophets of Islam">other prophets</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup><br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Born in about 570 CE in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian</a> city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-abraha_12-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-abraha-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EncWorldHistory_13-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EncWorldHistory-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_%E2%80%98Abd_al-Muttalib" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib">Abu Talib</a>. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran182_14-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran182-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of seclusion and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-abraha_12-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-abraha-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran184_15-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran184-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> that he received <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad's first revelation">his first revelation</a> from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dawah">preaching</a> these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tawhid">God is One</a>", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam#Etymology_and_meaning" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">islām</a></i>) is the only way (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deen_(Arabic_term)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deen (Arabic term)">dīn</a></i>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[n 2]</a></sup> acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam#Table_of_prophets.2Fmessengers_in_the_Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prophets of Islam">other Islamic prophets</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Peters_2003_9_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Peters_2003_9-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EspositoI_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EspositoI-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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Muhammad gained few <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sahaba">followers</a> early on, and was met with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_by_the_Meccans" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans">hostility from some Meccan tribes</a>; he and his followers were treated harshly. To escape persecution, Muhammad <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_hijra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="First hijra">sent some of his followers</a> to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aksumite Empire">Abyssinia</a> before he and his followers in Mecca migrated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medina">Medina</a> (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a>, marks the beginning of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, which is also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a>. After eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to 10,000, took control of Mecca in the largely peaceful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a>. He destroyed the pagan idols in the city<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> and then sent his followers out to destroy all of the remaining pagan temples in Eastern Arabia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farewell_Pilgrimage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Farewell Pilgrimage">The Farewell Pilgrimage</a>, Muhammad fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> had <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conversion to Islam">converted to Islam</a>, and he had united Arabia into a single<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ummah">Muslim religious polity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lapidus_2002_pp_0_24-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Lapidus_2002_pp_0-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></div>
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The revelations (or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayah">Ayah</a></i>, lit. "Signs [of God]") — which Muhammad reported receiving until his death — form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the “Word of God” and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad’s life (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirah_Rasul_Allah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sirah Rasul Allah">sira</a></i>) and traditions (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i>) are also upheld by Muslims as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_sharia_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sources of sharia law">sources of sharia law</a>. They discuss Muhammad and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_be_upon_him_(Islam)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace be upon him (Islam)">peace be upon him</a></i> whenever their names are mentioned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ann_Goldman_2006_p.212_25-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Ann_Goldman_2006_p.212-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> While conceptions of Muhammad in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premodern" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Premodern">premodern</a> times were largely negative, appraisals in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Modern history">modern history</a> have been far less so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Names_and_appellations_in_the_Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Names and appellations in the Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Sources_for_Muhammad.27s_life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources for Muhammad's life</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Early_biographies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early biographies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Hadith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hadith</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Non-Arabic_sources" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Non-Arabic sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Pre-Islamic_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-Islamic Arabia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Life_in_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Life in Mecca</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Childhood_and_early_life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Childhood and early life</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Beginnings_of_the_Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Beginnings of the Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Opposition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Isra_and_Mi.27raj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Isra and Mi'raj</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Last_years_in_Mecca_before_Hijra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Last years in Mecca before Hijra</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Hijra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Hijra</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Migration_to_Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Migration to Medina</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Establishment_of_a_new_polity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Establishment of a new polity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Beginning_of_armed_conflict" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Beginning of armed conflict</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Conflict_with_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Conflict with Mecca</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Siege_of_Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Siege of Medina</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Truce_of_Hudaybiyyah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Truce of Hudaybiyyah</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Final_years" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Final years</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Conquest_of_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Conquest of Mecca</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Conquest_of_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Conquest of Arabia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Farewell_pilgrimage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Farewell pilgrimage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Death_and_tomb" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Death and tomb</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Post_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Post Muhammad</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Early_reforms_under_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Early reforms under Islam</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Appearance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Appearance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Household" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Household</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Legacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Muslim_views" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Muslim views</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Islamic_depictions_of_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Islamic depictions of Muhammad</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Other_views" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other views</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Historical_Western_views" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical Western views</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Other_religious_traditions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other religious traditions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Criticism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Notes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Bibliography" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Encyclopedias" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Encyclopedias</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Further_reading" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#Other_biographies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other biographies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Names_and_appellations_in_the_Quran">Names and appellations in the Quran</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Salat.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="124" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Muhammad_Salat.svg/220px-Muhammad_Salat.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Muhammad_Salat.svg/330px-Muhammad_Salat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Muhammad_Salat.svg/440px-Muhammad_Salat.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
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The name <i>Muhammad</i> written in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuluth" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a>, a script variety of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>.</div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_(name)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad (name)">name <i>Muhammad</i></a> means "Praiseworthy" and occurs four times in the Quran.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> The Quran addresses Muhammad in the second person not by his name but by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Euphemism">appellations</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prophets of Islam">prophet</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messengers_of_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Messengers of Islam">messenger</a>, servant of God ('<i>abd</i>), announcer (<i>bashir</i>)<sup style="line-height: 1em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.119" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2:119</a>]</sup>, witness (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_(name)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shahid (name)">shahid</a></i>),<sup style="line-height: 1em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/033-qmt.php#033.045" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">33:45</a>]</sup> bearer of good tidings (<i>mubashshir</i>), warner (<i>nathir</i>),<sup style="line-height: 1em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/011-qmt.php#011.002" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">11:2</a>]</sup> reminder (<i>mudhakkir</i>),<sup style="line-height: 1em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/088-qmt.php#088.021" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">88:21</a>]</sup> one who calls [unto God] (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dawah">dā‘ī</a></i>),<sup style="line-height: 1em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/012-qmt.php#012.108" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">12:108</a>]</sup> light personified (<i>noor</i>)<sup style="line-height: 1em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/005-qmt.php#005.015" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">05:15</a>]</sup>, and the light-giving lamp (<i>siraj munir</i>)<sup style="line-height: 1em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/073-qmt.php#073.001" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">73:1</a>]</sup>. Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state at the time of the address: thus he is referred to as the enwrapped (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muzzammil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Muzzammil">al-muzzammil</a></i>) in Quran <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/073-qmt.php#073.001" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">73:1</a> and the shrouded (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muddathir" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Muddathir">al-muddaththir</a></i>) in Quran<a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/074-qmt.php#074.001" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">74:1</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ-Muhammad_28-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoQ-Muhammad-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> In the Quran, believers are not to distinguish between the messengers of God and are to believe in all of them (Sura <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqara" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.285" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2:285</a>). God has caused some messengers to excel above others <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.253" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2:253</a> and in Sura Al-Ahzab <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/033-qmt.php#033.040" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">33:40</a> He singles out Muhammad as the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_the_prophets" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seal of the prophets">Seal of the Prophets</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ernst_29-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Ernst-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> The Quran also refers to Muhammad as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ahmad">Aḥmad</a></i> "more praiseworthy" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">أحمد</span>, Sura <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Saff" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="As-Saff">As-Saff</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/061-qmt.php#061.006" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">61:6</a>).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sources_for_Muhammad.27s_life">Sources for Muhammad's life</span></h2>
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Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography of early Islam</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity of Muhammad</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Quran">Quran</span></h3>
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A folio from an early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a>, written in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> script (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> period, 8th–9th century).</div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> is the central <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_text" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Religious text">religious text</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a> and Muslims believe that it represents the words of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="God in Islam">God</a> revealed to Muhammad through the archangel<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_30-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Britannica-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LivRlgP338_31-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-LivRlgP338-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-QuranC17V106_32-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-QuranC17V106-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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Although it mentions Muhammad directly only four times,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> there are verses which can be interpreted as allusions to Muhammad's life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nigosian6_34-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Nigosian6-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[n 3]</a></sup> The Quran however provides little assistance for a chronological biography of Muhammad, and many of the utterances recorded in it lack historical context.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bennett1998a_35-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Bennett1998a-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Peters1994_36-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Peters1994-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_biographies">Early biographies</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetic_biography" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prophetic biography">Prophetic biography</a></div>
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Next in importance are historical works by writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hijri year">of the Muslim era</a> (A.H. -- 8th and 9th century C.E.).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watt-Mecca-xi_37-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Watt-Mecca-xi-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup> These include the traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad (the <i>sira</i> literature), which provide further information on Muhammad's life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reeves_38-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Reeves-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup></div>
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The earliest surviving written <i>sira</i> (biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>'s <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirah_Rasul_Allah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sirah Rasul Allah">Life of God's Messenger</a></i> written ca. 767 CE (150 AH). The work is lost, but was used verbatim at great length by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nigosian6_39-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Nigosian6-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> Another early source is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-maghazi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-maghazi">the history of Muhammad's campaigns</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Waqidi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Waqidi">al-Waqidi</a> (death 207 of Muslim era), and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Major_Classes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Book of the Major Classes">the work</a> of his secretary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d_al-Baghdadi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi">Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi</a> (death 230 of Muslim era).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watt-Mecca-xi_37-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Watt-Mecca-xi-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup></div>
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Many scholars accept the accuracy of the earliest biographies, though their accuracy is unascertainable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nigosian6_39-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Nigosian6-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup> Recent studies have led scholars to distinguish between the traditions touching legal matters and the purely historical ones. In the former sphere, traditions could have been subject to invention while in the latter sphere, aside from exceptional cases, the material may have been only subject to "tendential shaping".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-41" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Hadith">Hadith</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></div>
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In addition, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_collection" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hadith collection">hadith collections</a> are accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of Muhammad that date from several generations after his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lewis_1993.2C_pp._33.E2.80.9334_42-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Lewis_1993.2C_pp._33.E2.80.9334-42" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup></div>
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Western academics view the hadith collections with caution as accurate historical sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lewis_1993.2C_pp._33.E2.80.9334_42-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Lewis_1993.2C_pp._33.E2.80.9334-42" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung</a> do not reject the narrations which have been compiled in later periods, but judge them in the context of history and on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-43" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Non-Arabic_sources">Non-Arabic sources</span></h3>
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The earliest documented Christian knowledge of Muhammad stems from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> sources. They indicate that both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christians">Christians</a> saw Muhammad as a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_prophet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="False prophet">false prophet</a>". In the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_Jacobi_nuper_baptizati" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati">Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati</a></i> of 634, Muhammad is portrayed as being "deceiving[,] for do prophets come with sword and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chariot">chariot</a>?, [...] you will discover nothing true from the said prophet except human bloodshed."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> Another Greek source for Muhammad is the 9th-century writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a>. The earliest Syriac source is the 7th-century writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_bar_Penkaye" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John bar Penkaye">John bar Penkaye</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-45" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-Islamic_Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</span></h2>
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Main tribes and settlements of Arabia in Muhammad's lifetime</div>
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Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahiliyyah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_mythology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian mythology">Arabian mythology</a></div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> was largely arid and volcanic, making agriculture difficult except near oases or springs. The landscape was thus dotted with towns and cities, two prominent ones being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medina">Medina</a>. Medina was a large flourishing agricultural settlement, while Mecca was an important financial center for many surrounding tribes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muhammad-Mecca-12_46-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Muhammad-Mecca-12-46" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup> Communal life was essential for survival in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Desert">desert</a> conditions, as people needed support against the harsh environment and lifestyle. Tribal grouping was encouraged by the need to act as a unit, this unity being based on the bond of kinship by blood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-47" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup>Indigenous Arabs were either <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> or sedentary, the former constantly travelling from one place to another seeking water and pasture for their flocks, while the latter settled and focused on trade and agriculture. Nomadic survival was also dependent on raiding caravans or oases, the nomads not viewing this as a crime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rue_48-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Rue-48" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Esposito4_49-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Esposito4-49" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup></div>
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Politically Arabia at the time was divided between two tribal confederations, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qais" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Qais">Banu Qais</a>, loosely allied with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and who were originally powerful in Northern and Western Arabia, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kalb" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banu Kalb">Banu Kalb</a>, who had originally come from Yemen, and were loosely allied with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> Persia. These rivalries were suppressed by Islam but continued to influence events in the Middle East and North Africa in post-Islamic times.</div>
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In pre-Islamic Arabia, gods or goddesses were viewed as protectors of individual tribes, their spirits being associated with sacred trees, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baetylus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Baetylus">stones</a>, springs and wells. As well as being the site of an annual pilgrimage, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> shrine in Mecca housed 360 idol statues of tribal patron deities. Three goddesses were associated with Allah as his daughters: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%C4%81t" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Allāt">Allāt</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%81t" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manāt">Manāt</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-‘Uzzá">al-‘Uzzá</a>. Monotheistic communities existed in Arabia, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christian">Christians</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-50" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanif" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hanif">Hanifs</a> – native pre-Islamic Arabs who "professed a rigid monotheism"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-51" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> – are also sometimes listed alongside Jews and Christians in pre-Islamic Arabia, although their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_(philosophy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Historicity (philosophy)">historicity</a> is disputed amongst scholars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-52" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-53" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup>According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad himself was a Hanif and one of the descendants of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, son of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-54" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Life_in_Mecca">Life in Mecca</span></h3>
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<tr><th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: auto;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#" id="collapseButton0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>]</span><big>Timeline of Muhammad in Mecca</big></th></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><small>Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad</small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i>c</i>. 569</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Death of his father, Abdullah</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i>c</i>. 570</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Possible date of birth:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="April 19">April 19</a> 570 dC, 12 Rabi al Awal: in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">576</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Death of his mother, Aminah</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">578</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Death of his grandfather Abdul Muttalib</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i>c</i>. 583</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Takes trading journeys to<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i>c</i>. 595</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Meets and marries <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijah_bint_Khuwaylid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khadijah bint Khuwaylid">Khadijah</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">597</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Birth of Zainab, his first daughter, followed by: Ruqayyah, Umm Khultoom, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatima Zahra">Fatima Zahra</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">610</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Qur'anic revelation begins in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a> on the Jabaal an Nur the " Mountain of Light" near Mecca</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">610</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Prophethood begins at 40 years old: Angel Jebreel (Gabriel) appears to him on the mountain and calls him: The Prophet of Allah</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">610</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Begins in secret to gather followers in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i>c</i>. 613</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Begins spreading message of Islam publicly to all Meccans</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i>c</i>. 614</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Heavy persecution of muslims begins</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i>c</i>. 615</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Emigration of a group of Muslims to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Ethiopia</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">616</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hashim" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> clan boycott begins</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">619</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_%E2%80%98Abd_al-Muttalib" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib">Abu Talib</a> (his uncle) die</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">619</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Banu Hashim clan boycott ends</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i>c</i>. 620</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a> (the ascention to heaven to meet God)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">622</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Emigrates to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medina">Medina</a> (called Yathrib): Emigration known as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">624</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">625</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">627</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a> (also known as the siege of Medina)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">628</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">The Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina signed a 10 year truce called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">629</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Peaceful conquest of Mecca</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">632</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Farewell pilgrimage and demise of the Prophet Muhammad <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style="display: inline; font-size: 9px; text-align: center;">
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad in Mecca">Muhammad in Mecca</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Muhammad was born in Mecca and lived there for roughly the first 52 years of his life (c.570–622). This period is generally divided into two phases, before and after declaring the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>.</div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Childhood_and_early_life">Childhood and early life</span></h4>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Family tree of Muhammad">Family tree of Muhammad</a></div>
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Muhammad was born about the year 570<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-abraha_12-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-abraha-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mawlid">his birthday</a> is usually celebrated by Muslims in the month of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rabi' al-awwal">Rabi' al-awwal</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-55" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup> He belonged to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hashim" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> clan, one of the prominent families of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, although it seems not to have been prosperous during Muhammad's early lifetime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-56" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup> The Banu Hashim clan was part of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh tribe</a>. Tradition places the year of Muhammad's birth as corresponding with the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Elephant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Year of the Elephant">Year of the Elephant</a>, which is named after the failed destruction of Mecca that year by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aksumite Empire">Aksumite king</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abraha">Abraha</a> who had in his army a number of elephants. 20th-century scholarship has suggested alternative dates for this event, such as 568 or 569.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watt7_57-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Watt7-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammed_kaaba_1315.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="161" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mohammed_kaaba_1315.jpg/220px-Mohammed_kaaba_1315.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mohammed_kaaba_1315.jpg/330px-Mohammed_kaaba_1315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mohammed_kaaba_1315.jpg/440px-Mohammed_kaaba_1315.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
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Miniature from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a>'s<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami_al-Tawarikh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jami al-Tawarikh">Jami al-Tawarikh</a></i>, <abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 1315</span>, illustrating the story of Muhammad's role in re-setting the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Stone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> in 605. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> period)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-58" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup></div>
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His father, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abd_al_Muttalib" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib">Abdullah</a>, died almost six months before Muhammad was born.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Meri2004_59-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Meri2004-59" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup> According to Islamic tradition, soon after Muhammad's birth he was sent to live with a Bedouin family in the desert, as the desert life was considered healthier for infants. Muhammad stayed with his foster-mother, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halimah_bint_Abi_Dhuayb" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb">Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb</a>, and her husband until he was two years old.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran182_14-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran182-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> Some western scholars of Islam have rejected the historicity of this tradition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-60" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag failed verification of its source citation(s) from February 2012">not in citation given</span></a></i>]</sup> At the age of six, Muhammad lost his biological mother <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminah_bint_Wahb" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aminah bint Wahb">Amina</a> to illness and he became fully orphaned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran182_14-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran182-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-61" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup> For the next two years, he was under the guardianship of his paternal grandfather <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaiba_ibn_Hashim" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shaiba ibn Hashim">Abd al-Muttalib</a>, of the Banu Hashim clan, but when Muhammad was eight, his grandfather also died. He then came under the care of his uncle<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_%E2%80%98Abd_al-Muttalib" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib">Abu Talib</a>, the new leader of Banu Hashim.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran182_14-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran182-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watt7_57-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Watt7-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup> According to Islamic historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William Montgomery Watt">William Montgomery Watt</a>, because of the general disregard of the guardians in taking care of weak members of the tribes in Mecca in the 6th century, "Muhammad's guardians saw that he did not starve to death, but it was hard for them to do more for him, especially as the fortunes of the clan of Hashim seem to have been declining at that time."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watt8_62-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Watt8-62" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup></div>
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While still in his teens, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on trading journeys to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Syria">Syria</a> gaining experience in commercial trade, the only career open to Muhammad as an orphan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran182_14-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran182-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watt8_62-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Watt8-62" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup> Islamic tradition states that when Muhammad was either nine or twelve while accompanying the Meccans' caravan to Syria, he met a Christian monk or hermit named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahira" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahira">Bahira</a> who is said to have foreseen Muhammed's career as a prophet of God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-63" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup></div>
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Little is known of Muhammad during his later youth, and from the fragmentary information that is available, it is difficult to separate history from legend.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran182_14-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran182-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watt8_62-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Watt8-62" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup> It is known that he became a merchant and "was involved in trade between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Ocean">Indian ocean</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BerkWorldHistory_64-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-BerkWorldHistory-64" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup> Due to his upright character he acquired the nickname "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_(name)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amin (name)">al-Amin</a>" (Arabic: الامين), meaning "faithful, trustworthy" and "al-Sadiq" meaning "truthful"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-65" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup>and was sought out as an impartial arbitrator.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EncWorldHistory_13-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EncWorldHistory-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-66" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup> His reputation attracted a proposal in 595 from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijah_bint_Khuwaylid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khadijah bint Khuwaylid">Khadijah</a>, a 40-year-old widow who was 15 years older than he. Muhammad consented to the marriage, which by all accounts was a happy one.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran182_14-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran182-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BerkWorldHistory_64-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-BerkWorldHistory-64" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup></div>
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Several years later, according to a narration collected by historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>, Muhammad was involved with a well-known story about setting the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Stone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> in place in the wall of the Kaaba in 605 C.E. The Black Stone, a sacred object, had been removed to facilitate renovations to the Kaaba. The leaders of Mecca could not agree on which clan should have the honour of setting the Black Stone back in its place. They agreed to wait for the next man to come through the gate and ask him to choose. That man was the 35-year-old Muhammad, five years before his first revelation. He asked for a cloth and put the Black Stone in its centre. The clan leaders held the corners of the cloth and together carried the Black Stone to the right spot, then Muhammad set the stone in place, satisfying the honour of all.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dairesi_67-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Dairesi-67" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Beginnings_of_the_Quran">Beginnings of the Quran</span></h3>
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See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad's first revelation">Muhammad's first revelation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of the Quran">History of the Quran</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wahy">Wahy</a></div>
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The cave <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hira" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hira">Hira</a> in the mountain<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a> where, according to Muslim belief, Muhammad received his first revelation.</div>
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Muhammad adopted the practice of praying alone for several weeks every year in a cave on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hira" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hira">Mount Hira</a> near Mecca.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-68" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-69" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a></sup> Islamic tradition holds that during one of his visits to Mount Hira, the angel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> appeared to him in the year 610 and commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-70" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></sup></div>
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Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created-<br />Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:<br />Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,-<br />He Who taught (the use of) the pen,-<br />Taught man that which he knew not.</div>
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—Quran, sura 96 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Alaq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Alaq">Al-Alaq</a>), ayat 1-5<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-71" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a></sup></div>
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After returning home, Muhammad was consoled and reassured by Khadijah and her Christian cousin, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraqah_ibn_Nawfal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Waraqah ibn Nawfal">Waraqah ibn Nawfal</a>. Upon receiving his first revelations, he was deeply distressed and resolved to commit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_72-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-autogenerated1-72" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></sup> He also feared that others would dismiss his claims as being possessed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Esposito4_49-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Esposito4-49" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> Shi'a tradition maintains that Muhammad was neither surprised nor frightened at the appearance of Gabriel but rather welcomed him as if he had been expecting him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-73" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[70]</a></sup> The initial revelation was followed by a pause of three years during which Muhammad further gave himself to prayers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_practice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiritual practice">spiritual practices</a>. When the revelations resumed he was reassured and commanded to begin preaching: "Thy Guardian-Lord hath not forsaken thee, nor is He displeased."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-74" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-75" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[72]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-76" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[73]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammed_receiving_revelation_from_the_angel_Gabriel.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mohammed_receiving_revelation_from_the_angel_Gabriel.jpg/220px-Mohammed_receiving_revelation_from_the_angel_Gabriel.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mohammed_receiving_revelation_from_the_angel_Gabriel.jpg/330px-Mohammed_receiving_revelation_from_the_angel_Gabriel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mohammed_receiving_revelation_from_the_angel_Gabriel.jpg/440px-Mohammed_receiving_revelation_from_the_angel_Gabriel.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammed_receiving_revelation_from_the_angel_Gabriel.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictions_of_Muhammad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Depictions of Muhammad">depiction of Muhammad</a> receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a>, 1307, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> period.</div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a> narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aisha">Aisha</a> reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-77" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a></sup>According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alford_T._Welch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alford T. Welch">Welch</a> these revelations were accompanied by mysterious seizures, and the reports are unlikely to have been forged by later Muslims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Muhammad was confident that he could distinguish his own thoughts from these messages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-78" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[75]</a></sup> According to the Quran, one of the main roles of Muhammad is to warn the unbelievers of their eschatological punishment (Quran <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/038-qmt.php#038.070" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">38:70</a>, Quran <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/006-qmt.php#006.019" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">6:19</a>). Sometimes the Quran does not explicitly refer to the Judgment day but provides examples from the history of some extinct communities and warns Muhammad's contemporaries of similar calamities (Quran <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/041-qmt.php#041.013" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">41:13–16</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ-Muhammad_28-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoQ-Muhammad-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> Muhammad is not only a warner to those who reject God's revelation, but also a bearer of good news for those who abandon evil, listen to the divine word and serve God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-79" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[76]</a></sup> Muhammad's mission also involves preaching monotheism: The Quran commands Muhammad to proclaim and praise the name of his Lord and instructs him not to worship idols or associate other deities with God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoQ-Muhammad_28-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoQ-Muhammad-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran185_80-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran185-80" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup></div>
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The key themes of the early Quranic verses included the responsibility of man towards his creator; the resurrection of the dead, God's final judgment followed by vivid descriptions of the tortures in hell and pleasures in Paradise; and the signs of God in all aspects of life. Religious duties required of the believers at this time were few: belief in God, asking for forgiveness of sins, offering frequent prayers, assisting others particularly those in need, rejecting cheating and the love of wealth (considered to be significant in the commercial life of Mecca), being chaste and not to kill newborn girls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Opposition">Opposition</span></h3>
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See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_by_the_Meccans" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans">Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Migration to Abyssinia">Migration to Abyssinia</a></div>
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According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife Khadija was the first to believe he was a prophet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watt53-86_81-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Watt53-86-81" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[78]</a></sup> She was soon followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, close friend <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, and adopted son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zaid</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran184_15-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran184-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Watt53-86_81-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Watt53-86-81" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[78]</a></sup>Around 613, Muhammad began his public preaching (Quran <a class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/026-qmt.php#026.214" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">26:214</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-82" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[79]</a></sup> Most Meccans ignored him and mocked him,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran185_80-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran185-80" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup> while a few others became his followers. There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cambridge_1977_36_83-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Cambridge_1977_36-83" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a></sup></div>
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The last <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayah">ayah</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sura">sura</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Najm" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="An-Najm">An-Najm</a> in the Quran: "So prostrate to Allah and worship [Him]." Muhammad's message of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> (one God) challenged the traditional order.</div>
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According to Ibn Sad, the opposition in Mecca started when Muhammad delivered verses that condemned idol worship and the Meccan forefathers who engaged in polytheism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran185_80-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran185-80" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-84" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[81]</a></sup> However, the Quranic exegesis maintains that it began as soon as Muhammad started public preaching.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rubin_85-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Rubin-85" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[82]</a></sup> As the number of followers increased, he became a threat to the local tribes and the rulers of the city, whose wealth rested upon the Kaaba, the focal point of Meccan religious life, which Muhammad threatened to overthrow. Muhammad’s denunciation of the Meccan traditional religion was especially offensive to his own tribe, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a>, as they were the guardians of the Ka'aba.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cambridge_1977_36_83-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Cambridge_1977_36-83" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a></sup> The powerful merchants tried to convince Muhammad to abandon his preaching by offering him admission into the inner circle of merchants, and establishing his position therein by an advantageous marriage. However, he refused.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cambridge_1977_36_83-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Cambridge_1977_36-83" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a></sup></div>
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Tradition records at great length the persecution and ill-treatment of Muhammad and his followers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran185_80-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran185-80" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumayyah_bint_Khabbab" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumayyah bint Khabbab">Sumayyah bint Khabbab</a>, a slave of a prominent Meccan leader <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Jahl" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abu Jahl">Abu Jahl</a>, is famous as the first martyr of Islam, having been killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up her faith. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Ribah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bilal ibn Ribah">Bilal</a>, another Muslim slave, was tortured by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyah_ibn_Khalaf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Umayyah ibn Khalaf">Umayyah ibn Khalaf</a> who placed a heavy rock on his chest to force his conversion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-86" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[83]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-87" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[84]</a></sup> Apart from insults, Muhammad was protected from physical harm as he belonged to the Banu Hashim clan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran185_80-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran185-80" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-88" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[85]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-89" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[86]</a></sup></div>
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In 615, some of Muhammad's followers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Migration to Abyssinia">emigrated</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aksumite Empire">Aksumite Empire</a> and founded a small colony there under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B8%A5ama_ibn_Abjar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aṣḥama ibn Abjar">Aṣḥama ibn Abjar</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran185_80-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran185-80" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup></div>
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Muhammad desperately hoping for an accommodation with his tribe, either from fear or in the hope of succeeding more readily in this way, pronounced a verse acknowledging the existence of three Meccan goddesses considered to be the daughters of Allah, and appealing for their intercession. Muhammad later retracted the verses at the behest of Gabriel, claiming that the verses were whispered by the devil himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran185_80-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran185-80" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-90" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[87]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-91" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[n 4]</a></sup> This episode known as "The Story of the Cranes" (translation: قصة الغرانيق, transliteration: Qissat al Gharaneeq) is also known as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Verses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Satanic Verses">Satanic Verses</a>". Some scholars argued against its historicity on various grounds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-92" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[88]</a></sup> While this incident got widespread acceptance by early Muslims, strong objections to it were raised starting from the tenth century, on theological grounds. The objections continued to be raised to the point where the rejection of the historicity of the incident eventually became the only acceptable orthodox Muslim position.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-93" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[89]</a></sup>This incident is not mentioned in any of the old Hadith books and Muslims dispute that this incident ever occurred.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2013">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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In 617, the leaders of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhzum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Makhzum">Makhzum</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Abd-Shams" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banu Abd-Shams">Banu Abd-Shams</a>, two important Quraysh clans, declared a public <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccan_boycott_of_the_Hashemites" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meccan boycott of the Hashemites">boycott against Banu Hashim</a>, their commercial rival, to pressure it into withdrawing its protection of Muhammad. The boycott lasted three years but eventually collapsed as it failed in its objective.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-94" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[90]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Momen_95-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Momen-95" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a></sup> During this, Muhammad was only able to preach during the holy pilgrimage months in which all hostilities between Arabs were suspended.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran186_96-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran186-96" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Isra_and_Mi.27raj">Isra and Mi'raj</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a></div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a>, part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Temple Mount">al-Haram ash-Sharif</a> complex in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, is believed to be the "farthest mosque" to which Muhammad travelled in his night journey. The al-Haram ash-Sharif is the third holiest place on earth for Muslims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Grabar2006_97-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Grabar2006-97" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[93]</a></sup></div>
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Islamic tradition relates that in 620, Muhammad experienced the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a></i>, a miraculous journey said to have occurred with the angel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> in one night. In the first part of the journey, the <i>Isra</i>, he is said to have travelled from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buraq">winged steed</a> (<i>Buraq</i>) to "the farthest mosque" (in Arabic:<i>masjid al-aqsa</i>), which Muslims usually identify with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. In the second part, the <i>Mi'raj</i>, Muhammad is said to have toured<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jannah">heaven</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahannam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jahannam">hell</a>, and spoken with earlier prophets, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Abraham" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Moses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic view of Moses">Moses</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran186_96-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran186-96" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoIMW_98-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoIMW-98" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[94]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>, author of the first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirah_Rasul_Allah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sirah Rasul Allah">biography of Muhammad</a>, presents this event as a spiritual experience whereas later historians like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> present it as a physical journey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoIMW_98-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoIMW-98" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[94]</a></sup></div>
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Quranic inscriptions on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>, adjacent to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a> in the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Temple Mount">al-Haram ash-Sharif</a>. The Dome of the Rock marks the spot from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jannah">heaven</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_99-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-99" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[95]</a></sup></div>
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Some western scholars of Islam hold that the oldest Muslim tradition identified the journey as one traveled through the heavens from the sacred enclosure at Mecca to the celestial <i>al-Baytu l-Maʿmur</i> (heavenly prototype of the Kaaba); but later tradition identified Muhammad's journey as having been from Mecca to Jerusalem.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-100" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[96]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Last_years_in_Mecca_before_Hijra">Last years in Mecca before Hijra</span></h3>
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Muhammad's wife Khadijah and his uncle Abu Talib both died in 619, the year thus being known as the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_Sorrow" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Year of Sorrow">year of sorrow</a>". With the death of Abu Talib, the leadership of the Banu Hashim clan was passed to Abu Lahab, an inveterate enemy of Muhammad. Soon afterwards, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Lahab" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abu Lahab">Abu Lahab</a> withdrew the clan's protection from Muhammad. This placed Muhammad in danger of death since the withdrawal of clan protection implied that the blood revenge for his killing would not be exacted. Muhammad then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%27s_visit_to_Ta%27if" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad's visit to Ta'if">visited Ta'if</a>, another important city in Arabia, and tried to find a protector for himself there, but his effort failed and further brought him into physical danger.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Momen_95-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Momen-95" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran186_96-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran186-96" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></sup> Muhammad was forced to return to Mecca. A Meccan man named Mut'im b. Adi (and the protection of the tribe of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Nawfal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banu Nawfal">Banu Nawfal</a>) made it possible for him safely to re-enter his native city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Momen_95-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Momen-95" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran186_96-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran186-96" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></sup></div>
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Many people were visiting Mecca on business or as pilgrims to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>. Muhammad took this opportunity to look for a new home for himself and his followers. After several unsuccessful negotiations, he found hope with some men from Yathrib (later called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medina">Medina</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> The Arab population of Yathrib were familiar with monotheism and prepared for the appearance of a prophet because a Jewish community existed there.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran187_101-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran187-101" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup> They also hoped by the means of Muhammad and the new faith to gain supremacy over Mecca, as they were jealous of its importance as the place of pilgrimage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran187_101-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran187-101" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup> Converts to Islam came from nearly all <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arab">Arab</a> tribes in Medina, such that by June of the subsequent year there were seventy-five Muslims coming to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet Muhammad. Meeting him secretly by night, the group made what was known as the "<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_pledge_at_al-Aqabah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second pledge at al-Aqabah">Second Pledge of al-`Aqaba</a></i>", or the "<i>Pledge of War</i>"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran187_101-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran187-101" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-102" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[98]</a></sup>Following the pledges at Aqabah, Muhammad encouraged his followers to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hijra (Islam)">emigrate</a> to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yathrib" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yathrib">Yathrib</a>. As with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Migration to Abyssinia">migration to Abyssinia</a>, the Quraysh attempted to stop the emigration. However, almost all Muslims managed to leave.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-P87_103-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-P87-103" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[99]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Hijra">Hijra</span></h3>
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<tr><th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: auto;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#" id="collapseButton1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>]</span><big>Timeline of Muhammad in Medina</big></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i>c</i>. 622</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Emigrates to Medina (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a>)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">623</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_Raids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caravan Raids">Caravan Raids</a> begin</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">623</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kudr_Invasion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al Kudr Invasion">Al Kudr Invasion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">624</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a>: Muslims defeat Meccans</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">624</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sawiq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Sawiq">Battle of Sawiq</a>, Abu Sufyan escapes capture</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">624</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Expulsion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">624</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Thi_Amr" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Invasion of Thi Amr">Invasion of Thi Amr</a>, Muhammed raids Ghatafan tribes</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">624</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Assassination of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Abdullah_Ibn_Unais" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais">Khaled b. Sufyan</a> & <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_%27Abdullah_ibn_%27Atik" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Expedition of 'Abdullah ibn 'Atik">Abu Rafi</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">625</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a>: Meccans defeat Muslims</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">625</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Tragedy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Bir_Maona" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Expedition of Bir Maona">Bir Maona</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Al_Raji" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Expedition of Al Raji">Al Raji</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">625</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamra_al-Asad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Hamra al-Asad">Invasion of Hamra al-Asad</a>, successfully terrifies enemy to cause retreat</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">625</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Banu Nadir expelled after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">625</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Nejd" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Invasion of Nejd">Invasion of Nejd</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Badr" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Invasion of Badr">Badr</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Badr" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Invasion of Badr">Dumatul Jandal</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">627</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">627</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Qurayza" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Invasion of Banu Qurayza">Invasion of Banu Qurayza</a>, successful siege</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">628</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a>, gains access to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">628</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Conquest of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Khaybar">Khaybar</a> oasis</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">629</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">First <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hajj">hajj</a> pilgrimage</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">629</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Attack on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> fails: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Battle of Mu'tah</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">630</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Bloodless <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conquest of Mecca">conquest of Mecca</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">630</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">630</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ta%27if" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siege of Ta'if">Siege of Ta'if</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">631</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Rules most of the Arabian peninsula</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">632</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Attacks the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassanids" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">632</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Farewell <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hajj">hajj</a> pilgrimage</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">632</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Wasal (June 8): Medina</td></tr>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra (Islam)</a></div>
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The Hijra is the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. In September 622, warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly slipped out of Mecca, moving with his followers to Medina,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran187_101-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran187-101" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup> 320 kilometres (200 mi) north of Mecca. The Hijra is celebrated annually on the first day of the Muslim year.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Migration_to_Medina">Migration to Medina</span></h4>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad in Medina">Muhammad in Medina</a></div>
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A delegation consisting of the representatives of the twelve important clans of Medina, invited Muhammad as a neutral outsider to Medina to serve as chief arbitrator for the entire community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cambridge39_104-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Cambridge39-104" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[100]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Esp_105-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Esp-105" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[101]</a></sup> There was fighting in Yathrib mainly involving its Arab and Jewish inhabitants for around a hundred years before 620.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cambridge39_104-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Cambridge39-104" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[100]</a></sup> The recurring slaughters and disagreements over the resulting claims, especially after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bu%27ath" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Bu'ath">Battle of Bu'ath</a> in which all clans were involved, made it obvious to them that the tribal conceptions of blood-feud and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eye for an eye">an eye for an eye</a> were no longer workable unless there was one man with authority to adjudicate in disputed cases.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cambridge39_104-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-Cambridge39-104" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[100]</a></sup> The delegation from Medina pledged themselves and their fellow-citizens to accept Muhammad into their community and physically protect him as one of themselves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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Muhammad instructed his followers to emigrate to Medina until virtually all his followers left Mecca. Being alarmed at the departure of Muslims, according to the tradition, the Meccans plotted to assassinate Muhammad. With the help of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ali">Ali</a>, Muhammad fooled the Meccans who were watching him, and secretly slipped away from the town with Abu Bakr.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntroQuran187_101-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-IntroQuran187-101" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-106" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[102]</a></sup> By 622, Muhammad emigrated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medina">Medina</a>, a large agricultural<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oasis">oasis</a>. Those who migrated from Mecca along with Muhammad became known as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajirun" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhajirun">muhajirun</a></i> (emigrants).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_19-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a><br /> <span style="color: magenta;">By Raimy :D</span></sup></div>
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Kisah Keluarga Dan Nabi Muhammadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16190974968241873796noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7632822914635807405.post-83801834406526543362013-03-27T21:28:00.002-07:002013-03-27T21:28:14.810-07:00Biodata<span style="color: blue;">Biodata<br />Nama saya Ahmad Raimy Aimin Bin Rosamwi<br />Umur saya 13 tahun<br />Hobi saya,main bola sepak dan membaca Novel Kisah Nabi Munhammad<br />Cita-cita saya,menjadi Saintis,doktor dan pemain bola sepak negara<br />Blog ini,saya bertemakan,</span><span style="color: #6aa84f;">tentang kehidupan saya,tentang keluarga saya dan kisah NABI MUHAMMAD(S.A.W)Jadi,</span><span style="color: #bf9000;">harap korang suka Blog saya ni.</span>#Mentionthisblog #NabiMuhammad#Allah#Allah#DikelilingiOlehAllah :)Kisah Keluarga Dan Nabi Muhammadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16190974968241873796noreply@blogger.com0